The surge in India’s takings has been the most remarkable: from a then-record 103,000 b/d for 2021 to 683,000 b/d for 2022 (MEES, 3 February 2023) and a further 137% increase to 1.62mn b/d for 2023. China’s imports from Russia leapt by 23% to a record 2.13mn b/d (see chart 1).